Concrete slab is a type of roof that is integrated into materials such as concrete and steel. This slab is used in the construction of various types of structures and in the construction of deck types of bridges and floors, and its components are rebar and concrete. Concrete slab is most commonly used on the floor and its thickness is between 1 and 2 cm. Slabs that are less thick are used as paving slabs.
Construction of concrete slab
Concrete slabs can be prepared either on site or in a prefabricated form. How to prepare it at the project site is done by the molds in which the concrete paste is poured. Before reinforcing concrete, a series of reinforcing bars are molded and held in place by plastic materials. This allows the bars to be completely covered by concrete. Molds used in concrete slabs are made of plastic, steel or wood plates. Steel and plastic molds are used to build projects where the quality of work is of the utmost importance. In some places, there is no need to use mold, such as floor slabs surrounded by brick walls or bricks, as the walls act as molded tray walls. Unlike the concrete slab that is made at the project site, the prefabricated concrete slab is manufactured at the plant and transported to the project site. The slab support on the structure must be of precise dimensions so that the slabs are correctly installed in place.

Types of concrete slabs
Concrete slab ceiling is implemented in the following types:
One way concrete slab
If the ratio of the larger crater to the smaller crater is greater than 1 and the slab is on the opposite edge, it will be one-sided. In this slab, the loads are transferred in the longitudinal direction. If the supports support the slab on its four sides, the slab is also one-sided. In both cases only reinforcement should be installed along the smaller openings.
Two way concrete slab
If the ratio of the larger crater slab to its smaller crater is less than 1, and the slab is supported by its support on its four sides, it can be bidirectional. In this slab, the main reinforcement should be run in both directions as the force is transmitted in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
Important points when handling and handling concrete slabs
Adequate manpower must be used to pay for concrete slabs to properly handle and process concrete slabs due to the temperature of the concrete and the impact of weather conditions on the concrete.
The land on which the slab is to be run should have a uniform bearing capacity and be properly drained.
The surface of the floor must be moistened with water before concreting, but the surface must be dry when concrete is started.
Concrete should not be poured into molds faster than they can be spread and leveled or stenciled. For this purpose, prior to leveling, the concrete should not be spread over a large surface, nor should the level of concrete be leveled, or the water caused by dropping on the surface should be leveled.
The side moldings and the middle separator must be strong enough to withstand vibrational and mechanical alignment devices. These templates should be carefully positioned with respect to surface finishes and alignment paths.

Concrete slabs are paid in different ways:
Align concrete slab
Alignment means removing excess concrete from the surface in order to achieve proper alignment.

T drawing or drawing
In this method, a T or rod is used to eliminate the surface postures and heights as well as to penetrate the coarse grains into the concrete slabs. This is done after the alignment operation.
Edging and sealing
Edging is required during all separation joints on the outer concrete slabs and on the floors such as car rails and sidewalks. Edging causes the adjoining concrete slab to condense, which increases the strength of the concrete slab against decay and crushing.
Financial board
After the edging and sealing is completed, the concrete surface should be smooth and smooth by board or metal grooves or electric grooves.
Trowel
Stretching is done to create a smooth, dense surface. Metal waxing should be done after the financial board.
Vacuum cleaner
After hardening the concrete slab, a vacuum cleaner is used to create a durable slip surface. To do this, the surface must be tough enough to be able to hold imprinted lines.
Benefits of concrete slab ceiling
Among the benefits of this type of concrete roof are the following:
Its implementation will significantly reduce the consumption of materials such as cement, water, steel, aggregates, etc.
This roof is highly resistant to fire and heat.
Its longevity is high, so the building lasts many years.
Concrete slab roof top speed is high.
This roof is well-treated against high shear forces, so it is stronger against earthquakes than other structures.
It is a kind of sound insulation.
Selecting a slab roof can save on shipping costs.
Its creep is acceptable and its shear and bending strength are high.

You must have often passed by a semi-finished building under construction where engineers and workers were working and transporting building materials. Some workers pick up sacks from behind the truck and put them on their shoulders and take them inside the building, others throw bricks upwards or use a freon with a rope to top the pulley, other building materials To the upper floors and thousands more.
The question is, have you ever paid attention to the building materials that workers carry? Have you thought about why a particular material is used in any building, and what’s the difference between them?
For the answer to this question, follow us on in this article.
Building materials in construction
Building materials are the basic tools in building a building. There is no building that will form its structure without using the simplest materials, and on the other hand the quality of each building depends on the type of materials used in its construction. The materials you see in the normal are the simplest types to use, but in general and so-called specialized materials, these materials are divided into different categories that have physical, chemical, and other properties.
Naturalization of building materials
All of the building materials come from nature and mines, and after chemical changes, they become the materials you want to see, and that’s what you see today. Today, however, with the advent of industry and technology, the type of materials used has changed from traditional to modern, and we have even seen major changes in their structure and form, especially in the use of brick and stone. There may have been no change in their usage, but their shape and appearance have changed a lot compared to the past.
Types of building materials
Building materials can be divided into several categories for some properties.
The first is a gender division that is simple and compound.
Simple materials
Materials are the same for all materials used, such as sand, sand, cement, beam tile
Composites
Materials that are processed and used in materials of different materials, such as concrete, iran, isogam, mortar and …
Another segmentation is in terms of prefabricated and in-situ building materials.
Assembled
There are building materials that are manufactured in the factory itself, such as tile, stone, brick, joinery, block, etc.
in place
There are materials made at the same construction site, such as mortars
Another classification is in terms of its origin and application
Natural materials
Substances that exist in the heart of nature and use them in the same way as clay

Adhesives
Materials used as adhesives for gluing other materials such as cement plaster
Mortar
Are a kind of adhesive material that comes from the combination of several substances and adhesives, such as clay
Parts
Tools used in construction as components, such as stone
Organic materials
Hydrocarbon materials derived from the decomposition of animal carcasses and plant residues, such as asphalt
Other materials
Materials such as wool, which are components of a building but cannot be assigned a category.
Here are some of them:
Cement
Cement from building materials supplied in white powder and colored worm bags. The property of cement is that when combined with water it becomes a very durable material and due to the cement’s resistance to heat, humidity, etc., it is used as the best material in the construction industry and cement is one of the key building materials. .
Brick
Brick is a simple building material that is made of both calcareous and clay. In calcareous type, siliceous aggregates are used and in clay type aluminum silicates are used; however, the basis of brick formation is clay.

In the past, bricks were mostly used for interior wall construction, but today they are also used as an interior decorative tool, although the type of brick is known as refractory brick, which has a higher resistance to conventional type.
Metal
Most of the metal used in construction is steel. Weldability and flexibility are high hardnesses with unique steel properties that are more commonly used in rebar production. If you are careful, steel is used in the building.
Plaster
The plaster that you use as a building material is actually powder. Gypsum powder is a white substance and, like cement, becomes a stiff material after being mixed with water. Plaster is used for whitening, surface smoothing, tiling, ceramics, false ceiling production, etc. In fact, the white walls that most of you see when a building is finished are the plaster that is on the brick.
Wood
Wood is actually a type of building material used in interior design. The most important use of wood is in the manufacture of wooden cabinets. The wood used for this purpose has properties such as resistance to air and water decay, cracking, bacterial growth and especially termites, etc.
Rock
Stones are other building materials that are used inside the building as well as the facade of the building. Today, however, stones are mostly used in the exterior decoration of buildings. Corrosion resistance and temperature and beauty changes are two important factors used in construction

Soil
The soil used in construction is quite different from the one you see on the street. Soil definitions have a diameter of less than 0.002 mm. Clay is the most common type of soil that you have ever heard of, and it is also an important building material. Clay is a soil that has a sticky state, and if it does not, it is called sand. The reason for using clay is that it does not pass through water and that is why it is used in places such as roofs for waterproofing.

سرامیک

سرامیک هم از مصالح ساختمانی مانند سنگ‌ها است که امروزه بیشتر جنبه تزئینی در نمای داخلی و به ویژه کف پوش ساختمان‌ها را دارد. از نظر جنس، سرامیک در دسته مواد و مصالح غیرآلی و غیر فلزی قرار میگیرد که از خاک رس، ماسه و فلدسپار تشکیل شده است. صنعت سرامیک با توجه به رشد چشمگیر استفاده از آن در ساختمان‌های مدرن، نسبت به بقیه صنعت‌ها در حال گسترش است.

ملات

هر کسی حتی از ساختمان‌سازی چیزی ندارد، حداقل برای یکبار هم که شده است، روش تهیه ملات را دیده است. ملات را چسب ساختمانی می‌نامند و از همین رو، مهم‌ترین مصالح ساختمانی هستند که هر بنا باید آن را به کار بگیرد. در واقع تمامی مصالح معرفی شده در بالا بدون ملات هیچ کاربردی ندارند.

از ملات برای چسباندن آجر، سنگ و بلوک استفاده می‌شود. ملات انواع مختلفی دارد که بسته به موقعیت‌های مختلف مورد کاربرد قرار می‌گیرند که ملات در حالت کلی شامل سیمان، آهک، گل، خاک رس و ماسه است. استانبولی، بیل و کمچه از سه ابزار پایه‌ای هستند که در ساخت ملات مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند.

آهک

آهک از همان مصالح ساختمانی طبیعی است که از دل معادن و به صورت سنگ آهک استخراج می‌شود و پس از فرآوری‌های لازم به پودر آهک تبدیل می‌شود و به مواد و مصالح دیگری برای افزایش مقاومت و … اضافه می‌شود.

ماسه

ماسه هم یکی از عناصر اصلی مصالح ساختمانی است که ترکیب آن با آهک، یک ماده مقاوم در ساختمان‌های آجری را تشکیل می‌دهد. ماسه کوهستانی، ماسه رودخانه‌ای، ماسه بادی سه نوع ماسه‌ای هستند که در دنیا وجود دارند. ماسه کوهستانی نسبت به بقیه کیفیت بهتری برای استفاده در ساختمان‌سازی را دارد. البته دو ماسه دیگر هم دارای کاربردهایی هستند؛ اما باید تغییراتی روی آن‌ها انجام شود.

خواص عمومی مصالح ساختمانی

مصالح ساختمانی دارای دو خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی هستند. خواص فیزیکی شامل مقاومت در برابر انواع نیروهای کششی و … و خواص شیمیایی شامل ترکیب آن‌ها با عناصر طبیعی مانند آب‌وهوا است. همچنین مواد و مصالح دارای خواص مکانیکی و رفتاری هستند که همه این‌ها باید توسط مهندسان در هنگام ساخت مورد بررسی قرار بگیرد.

خواص فیزیکی مصالح ساختمانی

خواص فیزیکی همانطور که از نام آن پیدا است، بیشتر روی ظاهر تأکید می‌کند. ظاهر مواد مانند رنگ، وزن، حجم، جرم، پوکی، تخلخل، وزن حجمی، وزن مخصوص. همچنین مواردی مانند انتقال حرارت، گرمای ویژه، گرمای ذوب، مقاومت در برابر آتش و مقاومت در برابر تغییرات دما از جمله خواص دیگر  فیزیکی مصالح ساختمانی هستند.

خواص مکانیکی مصالح ساختمانی

در خواص مکانیکی مصالح ساختمانی، مقاومت و پایداری آن‌ها در برابر نیروها را تعیین می‌کند. این خواص در تعیین مقاومت ساختمان و ضد زلزله بودن آن نقش بسیار اساسی و مهمی دارد. در واقع خواص مکانیکی رابطه مستقیمی با نیرو، کار و انرژی دارد.

مقاومت مصالح ساختمانی

اولین دغدغه هر شخصی که در ساخت‌وساز فعالیت می‌کند، مقاومت مواد و مصالح به کار برده در ساختمان است. از نظری علمی، تعریفی برای مقاومت مواد و مصالح وجود دارد که به این صورت بیان می‌شود: توانایی مصالح در برابر شن‌ها و نیروها. مقاومت فشاری، کششی، ضربه‌ای و پیچشی از چهار نوع مقاومتی هستند که برای تعیین کیفیت مقاومت مصالح ساختمانی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند.

خواص شیمیایی مصالح ساختمانی

خواص شیمیایی که در ظاهر مهم نیستند؛ اما نقش به سزایی در تعیین کیفیت مواد و مصالح ساختمانی دارند. در واقع کیفیت مواد در برابر هرگونه تغییرات شیمیایی توسط همین خواص تعیین می‌شود. در واقع بیشتر ترک‌هایی که شما روی سطوح بعد از مدتی مشاهده می‌کنید، به خاطر همین توجه نکردن به خواص شیمیایی است.

ابزارهای کاربردی در مصالح ساختمانی

گونیا

شاقول

تراز

تیشه

استانبولی

پتک

چکش

کلنگ

بیل

فرغون

پیمانه

متر

شمشه

نتیجه گیری

استفاده از مصالح ساختمانی باکیفیت بیشتر از هر چیزی دیگر اهمیت دارد. بارها اتفاق افتاده است که بناهایی با بهترین نقشه‌های ساختمانی هم به دلیل به کار نبردن مواد و مصالح مناسب بعد از مدتی دچار مشکل شده و حتی ریزش هم کرده‌اند. از این رو شناخت مواد و به کار بردن بهترین نوع آن برای هر کسی واجب است.

مصالح ساختمانی همانطور که بیان شد بر اساس چند دسته از جمله نوع ترکیب و کاربرد تقسیم می‌شوند. مهم‌ترین نوع مواد که امروزه مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد، شامل گچ، سیمان ، ماسه و سنگ و … است. علاوه بر این باید به مسئله خواص فیزیکی، شیمیایی و مکانیکی مواد هم اهمیت قائل شد. این خواص روی بسته بندی بعضی از آن‌ها توسط کارخانه نوشته شده است. در هر صورت لازم است که حتما در هنگام خرید، یک کارشناس با خود همراه ببرید.

One of the problems that can occur in a building for a variety of reasons is the issue of home assembly and foundation. The problem that usually results in cracks in the interior walls and exterior, sloping floors or even curving the building in one direction is the movement of the soil underneath the building, which is usually downward, leading to its collapse.
In this article, we will try to identify the reasons for this occurrence, introduce the signs, ways to prevent them, and ways to repair and rebuild the building if this problem arises.
Symptoms of a house meeting
Observing some of the symptoms may be indicative of a home meeting, although these may sometimes be due to other reasons, but seeing them can be a buzzer to address this problem.

As a first sign, if you find a meeting in the grounds around your home, be sure to look for other signs of the home meeting inside so you can think about it if you have this problem. In this section, we will look at some of these signs of home assembly.
Distance between wall and floor
One of the most obvious signs of a house meeting is the distance between the bottom of the wall (the part that connects to the floor) and the floor of the house.
Cracked circle around the nail
Seeing Turkish circles around the nails on the wall can be one of the first signs of a house meeting.
Stomach flooring
Floor bumps, which occur as a result of mounting pillar columns, can also be symptoms of sitting at home.
One of the most obvious signs of a house meeting is the distance between the bottom of the wall (the part that connects to the floor) and the floor of the house.
Cracks on the basement wall
Horizontal and vertical cracks in the basement walls usually caused by water entering the underfloor (causing walls to move and cracking), as well as cracks commonly found in buildings with concrete blocks, all due to problems with The foundations of the building will be established and they will announce the meeting of the house.
Cracks on brick and block walls
The presence of cracks in the walls is usually recognized as one of the earliest signs of building congestion. In brick walls or block-built walls, these cracks usually start diagonally from the corner and continue to near the windows.

Cracks on the brick walls are usually seen horizontally, vertically, and stepped, each of which has a particular meaning. The presence of horizontal cracks indicates that the pressure applied from the underlying soil to the foundation is upward while the vertical cracks are caused by the movement of the soil under the foundation.
The stepped cracks also indicate an uneven subsidence of the building due to the unstable soil below the foundation. All these cracks indicate a problem with the foundation of the building.
Twisting doors and windows
Although the twisting or cracking of doors and tweezers that can cause problems when opening and closing them can sometimes be due to moisture absorption and expansion, in other cases they are one of the hallmarks of home sitting.
In addition, the presence of cracks around the door, window or ceiling or wall can also be warning signs.
The presence of cracks in the walls is usually recognized as one of the hallmarks of a home meeting.
Reasons to Set Up a Home Meeting
As noted, most of the problems and symptoms of building congestion are due to foundation problems. But where do these bugs come from and why are they created?
The answer to this question needs to consider the factors and causes of this problem. Much of the foundation is due to problems in the foundation due to unintentional negligence on the part of the executives or deliberate underperformance by the owner, which is usually rooted in economic issues.

Some of the negligence that causes this problem are as follows:
The first mistake that could lead to this is the poor design of the foundation against the permissible soil strength of the subsoil and the forces exerted by the building. This is sometimes due to the inaccurate information provided to the structural designer.

In fact, providing inaccurate information about soil mechanics results in a mismatched design of the foundation’s ground capacity, which is usually due to improper soil mechanics testing.
The next issue is the error in declaring the code during digging which causes the digging to exceed the desired level and inevitably results in a dumping operation to compensate for the additional digging that is usually done without reinforcing the soil bed and performing the required actions. It decreases the strength of the soil under the structure and consequently its subsidence.
Other issues that are not addressed during excavation are the occurrence of building subsidence. Investigating and controlling the changes in soil aggregation, adhesion, and moisture content in the different parts of the pit created or not informing the laboratory and the design engineer of their differences. This seemingly simple negligence makes it difficult to retrofit the home and make the building difficult in the future.
Failure to check the water level and soil moisture content and consequently the failure to perform the necessary measures during excavation will also be problematic in the future.

On the other hand, sometimes due to the breakage of water pipes inside or around the building (during the structural stages of building construction), soil moisture increases, resulting in changes in the adhesion and strength of the soil.
Other causes of this problem are negligence in dealing with aqueducts and wells at the site of construction and neglecting to carry out the necessary land preparation prior to foundation work.
Other issues are that are often overlooked due to economic issues such as poor quality concrete used, improper foundation and dimensioning on the map (reduced foundation size) and failure to use sufficient rebar (these are sometimes the case). Occasionally due to a mistake in mapping or calculations.) They are.
Raising floors or creating additional structures without taking into account the strength of the foundation (buildings vary according to the number of floors and the amount of load a building has) will result in a home meeting due to the imposition of additional load on the foundation soil.

In addition to all of the above, the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes can also lead to building collapse.
In a few cases, inaccurate construction of surrounding buildings as well as the deployment of vibrating machinery around can also lead to this problem.
The main reason for the problems in the foundation is due to unintentional negligence on the part of the executives or deliberate negligence on the part of the property owner, which is usually rooted in economic issues.

Ways to Stop Meeting at Home
The above mentioned were all causes of the problem of sitting down and avoiding the points mentioned above but preventing a few other things will reduce the likelihood of this happening.

Reinforcing the home and increasing the earth’s bearing power by injecting compactors into the soil
Creating a gauze and base underneath the foundation (parts of the soil are removed and reinforcing reinforcement is placed vertically inside and filled with concrete).
Style building
Increase the number of columns in the building
Creating joints between building columns and shear walls
Tap the wall
Wall paneling or plaster and wall paint and crack removal and fracturing in various parts, which can be seen in both exterior and interior facades, are the consequences of building assembly. Of course, other factors, such as the penetration of moisture and high heat adjacent to the wall, are also involved.
To repair and rebuild the wall panels, the panels in the inner walls first remove the damaged parts. If the damage has progressed to the lower layers, they will be removed as well as the wall, if possible, soaked (brick soaking or other materials). They begin construction to prevent water absorption from the mortar, and then rebuild it with cement or gypsum mortar (depending on the material of the wall) to solve the problem of wall sheathing.

On the exterior of the building, the walls are usually made of stone, brick and tile, first with a hammer and a pen, carefully removing the wall and part of the wall and then repairing the siding with a mixture of sifted sand and cement to repair the wall. Fix the wall.

Conclusion
Building assembly usually occurs in the form of cracks on the inner walls and exterior, floor sliding or even bending of the building to one side.
Other signs of a building sit are the distance between the wall and the floor, the cracked circle around the nail, the flooring of the house, the crack on the basement wall, the twisting of doors and windows.
The negligence of executives and sometimes underemployment by the landlord due to economic issues in the early stages of construction (excavation, structural design, foundry, etc.) are the main reasons for building a meeting.
Imposing an extra burden on the building when completed (adding additional floors without the proper foundation) also results in a meeting in the building.
Earthquakes, non-circular construction in the surrounding areas of the building, and the deployment of vibrating machinery near the building are other contributors to the building meeting.
Wall tiling is another consequence of building congestion caused by pressure on the exterior of the walls. To solve the problem of drumming, they usually make mortars to solve the problem. Of course, the problem with wall mounting is related to the materials used.

Today in the construction industry the issue of building safety is of paramount importance. The roof is one of the components of the building whose safety is more important than other components. In the event of an earthquake, if the roof is not standardized, the damage caused by the damage will be very high, so the use of light and secure roofs is welcomed by the builders. Biggate roofs are lightweight and easy to implement, and are a type of concrete steel roof system that has high strength and durability.

Biggate ceiling
The Biggit roof is a type of arched steel deck that uses arched steel molds to form the surface under the concrete slab. The Biggit Ceiling Mold is a durable mold that does not perform structural performance and is made of 1 to 2 mm thick galvanized sheets. Biggit Roof is a type of concrete composite steel roof that, because of its arch shape, can withstand loads during operation.

Biggit template specifications
These molds minimize leakage of concrete leachate.
Proper execution of the templates is required to access the composite function.
Due to the angular lines, the Biggit mold has a high strength concrete slab curvature during implementation.
The maximum spacing of the sheets is about 2 cm.

Important points in the implementation of the Biggate ceiling
In the implementation of Biggit ceiling, the thickness of the galvanized sheet should be about 2 mm and the thickness of the concrete 2 mm. The Biggit mold must be able to withstand the weight of the rebar, concrete and loads during execution. Execution of these molds To close the beginning and end of the molds, precautions must be taken to prevent concrete and sap from leaking during work. If sub-ceiling piling is not used during the application of this type of roof, the stresses resulting from the weight of the rebar, concrete and loads shall be added to the stresses after loading of the concrete, and the joists section shall be calculated based on the sum of the stresses. Be. The design and implementation of this roof should take into account the exact details of the route and location of the mechanical and electrical installations.

Benefits of Biggate Ceiling
Implementation of the Biggate ceiling requires no special equipment and is easy to accomplish.
This type of roof system is the fastest roof system in a day.
The strength and durability of a Biggit roof reduces the life and financial risks that may arise during the execution of the roof.
This roof can be applied to concrete structures.
It is possible to run the ceilings simultaneously without having to pile into the Biggit ceiling system.
Arched and conglomerate molds on this type of roof make it possible to use these as false ceilings.
This type of roof uses smaller and cheaper side beams, which reduces the cost of shooting and makes shooting easier.
Biggate roofs are lighter than composite roofs, steel decks and joists and blocks.

Steps to implement a Biggit ceiling
Shooting: Shooting operations are performed according to the executive plans.

Installation of Biggit Molds: These molds are placed on the edges of the living beams without the need for fasteners or rivets.

Flushing: In order to prevent concrete fall, the form of Biggit Flushing is used in bridges.

Close Working Circle: The working circle is surrounded by boards that are 5 cm high.

Reinforcement: According to the standard of the Biggit system, the reinforcement network is implemented.

Candlestick: Candlesticks should be made just below the roof beams and before concrete.

Concreting: Concreting should be in accordance with the performance plans and the specified thickness.