Reinforcement is one of the principles that has always been considered in the performance of concrete structures and has a great influence on their strength. Reinforcement enhances the tensile strength of the structure and strengthens it against environmental stresses. This method is one of the most basic methods in the creation of modern buildings and makes the structure acceptable in terms of engineering principles. Reinforcement should be fitted with a suitable size rebar to ensure the strength of the structure. In the fitting of the armature, the rods are arranged together in a special order and are connected by metal fastening or cold welding. Reinforcement is performed in the form of curved and locked rods for the construction of columns and foundations of the building and in the form of a few simple rods joined together for roofing. Bending of bars for reinforcement is done by different methods, each of which is suitable for different structures. In general, reinforcement is performed in three regular, nodal and Croatian methods. Cold welding is used in all three methods to hold the bars together because conventional welding reduces the tensile strength of the reinforcement due to the lack of flexibility. Reinforcement has the following advantages:

The strength of concrete structure is increased by reinforcement against factors such as fire and moisture.
Reinforced concrete does not require maintenance costs.
Construction of concrete structures requires less skill than steel structures.
Reinforcement is one of the most important factors preventing the building from deviating from its primitive state.
Concrete reinforcement can be shaped into different shapes.
Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other building materials.
Reinforcement plays an important role in increasing the tensile strength of the structure.
For the construction of columns, foundations and reinforcement dams, the best option is to increase the structural strength.
Methods of fastening rebar by wire
The shape of the bars in the reinforcement plays an important role in the concreting and for the concrete to reach different points. When constructing columns that use large-size rebar, try to allow more space for the reinforcement and molding to reach the concrete. For lower parts of the reinforcement, insulation should be used to prevent soil moisture from reaching the structure and destroying it. Before concreting, the reinforcement must be checked by the engineers as it may be torn as a result of relocation or other wire construction work. Therefore, if the wire is loose or loose the wires should be re-closed. Reinforcing bars are closed in two ways:

The Crucifixion Method
In this method, the two bars are placed over each other and the wires are crisscrossed below and above them. The ends of the two ends of the wire are then screwed together using pliers. Finally, the excess wire is bent downwards so that the tip of the wire does not cause any problems.

Closure method
In this way, when the bars are mounted on each other, the wire is passed underneath the lower bar and closed after passing through the upper bar. This method of closing the rebar is called the Croatian method and is used for roof reinforcement and building foundations.

Concreting
Molding and concrete is the last step in reinforcement. The molds chosen for pouring concrete are metallic because they prevent the water from leaving the concrete. Concreting depends on factors such as weather conditions, construction site, desired land condition and concrete location. Ready-mixed concrete is used in bulk casting because it is of the required quality.

Important tips in reinforcement
Reinforcing is a very specialized job and should always be monitored carefully. Sometimes fittings provide wake resistance, so supervisory engineers must be supervised before reinforcement for foundation. The construction of concrete structures using reinforcement requires some of the following:

They are called bamboo transverse bars and their task is to maintain longitudinal reinforcement, so the principles and criteria must be observed when bending.
The reinforcement shall not be bent below 2 ° C.
The bent reinforcement should not be opened or closed.
Bending of the bars is done using a cold mechanical device.
The bars should be cut using special scissors.
The distance between the barrels should be twenty centimeters.
Oil-coated, rusted or contaminated reinforcement should not be used. They must be cleaned before the project can be implemented.
Environmental conditions must be considered when installing reinforcement.
Reinforced concrete approved by engineers should not be changed prior to concreting.
When formatting, the gap between the bars and the mold wall must be observed as failure to observe this distance will result in damage to the foundation.
Bending of reinforcers by the airbag should be avoided.
Opening and closing bends should be avoided to reshape them.
The thickness of the coated concrete shall not be less than the diameter of the reinforcement.
Reinforcements used for reinforced concrete structures should be prepared on a map basis.
Coverage thicknesses are not required for floor and ceiling reinforcement that is not subject to transpiration if the monitoring device agrees.
The distance between parallel bars shall not be less than 1.5 cm from either side.
More than half of the reinforcement in bending and pressure components should not be patched at one point.
The distance between each patch to the adjacent patch should be 3 times the diameter of the reinforcement.

Perhaps one of the aspects that is often overlooked or less overlooked in the design of a structure is the choice of materials and construction products. The importance of choosing the right construction products is very important and this plays an important role in the success or failure of a building. Even the use of standard building products has a significant impact on home prices, and each of us has probably heard about the quality of our housing and its price at least once when buying a home or mortgage and renting it.
In our country, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development has enacted the technical and engineering aspects of building and national regulations governing the technical and engineering aspects of building, and compliance with these rules is essential for all construction activists.
Although these regulations are presented in various categories such as the standards defined for each material, its specifications and technical specifications, its adaptability to its construction and its type of packaging and maintenance, we present in this article from Keyword Magazine to the Materials Safety and Health Environmental Some of the building products used in building a building are:
A few items of construction products
Generally, for the construction of a structure, the technical specifications of construction products must be standardized and materials that have quality certification must be used.
Hydraulic Cement
This type of cement is very sticky and hardens in combination with water or its proximity (also air). Thus, by definition, hydraulic cement is waterproof and does not perish in the face of water.

Materials safety and environmental considerations of hydraulic cement
This type of cement contains a small amount of live lime and other alkaline oxides, so it can be harmful to the skin and eyes, and dust in the air can cause respiratory problems. Therefore, cement should not be dispersed in the air.
When using cement, people need to wear gloves, glasses, masks, and long sleeves to prevent it from impacting different parts of the face and body.

If the cement comes in contact with damp skin or eyes, it should be washed off with plenty of clean water as soon as possible. In case of prolonged exposure to cement, it is advisable to use dilute vinegar solution to wash the skin after the area has been rinsed.
Plaster and its products
Plaster is a building adhesive that is white in color, if pure. If gypsum is cooked at low temperature and in laboratory conditions, gypsum is obtained.
Material Safety and Environmental Considerations of Building Plaster
In structures that use building plaster, workers also use shoes, protective boots, gloves, masks and safety clothing. Also, be careful when loading the construction plaster so that the envelopes are not torn and dust is not created.

Building plaster compatibility with other materials
Building plaster products, especially in wet areas, should be covered with stainless steel if exposed to steel.
Building plaster and its products in related areas, such as the northern cities of the country, should not be directly adjacent to concrete or cement products.
Construction mortars
Generally, a paste that is created by mixing adhesive and filler is called fresh mortar. This adhesive can be cement paste and the filling material can be like fine aggregates.

Mortar is used in construction to glue building materials together. Mortar provides the necessary bedding for plastering, plastering and bonding.
Materials safety and environmental considerations of building mortars
Since lime mortar is often used in construction, hydrated lime is best used, and due to lime damage to the skin and eyes, it is necessary to consider the safety of materials and individuals and to avoid lime contact with the working skin. Prevent action.

Compatibility
Lime, due to its composition of ingredients, causes corrosion of metals such as lead, aluminum and zinc. For this reason, it is necessary to coat metal materials with appropriate materials before placing them in calcareous mortar.
Building stones
Stones are one of the most commonly used materials in construction. Sometimes the stones are used as blocks and sometimes cut to decorate the floor and floor.

Natural stone consists of one or more minerals and is a synthetic stone made from a mixture of aggregates, adhesives and additives.
Materials safety and environmental considerations of masonry stone
Cutting stones should be done indoors using water.
The use of stones in buildings should never endanger the health and health of people and the environment. If it is likely that harmful radiation is emitted from the stone, it is necessary to examine and test the stone.
Stones are compatible with all construction products.
Ceramic tile
This product is used for floor and wall covering and decorative items. Ceramic tile is manufactured with different properties and systems and is a combination of different minerals.
Materials Safety and Environmental Ceramic Tile
Glazed tiles contain some compounds such as lead oxide and cadmium that are harmful to the environment.
Warehousing and painting of tiles should include safety helmets, work shoes and boots, and staff should be provided with personal protective equipment.

Like stone, tiles are no longer incompatible with other building products.
Bitumen
Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material that is produced from complex chemical compounds of organic hydrocarbons. It is solid and semi-solid at ambient temperature but flows with increasing temperature. Two important properties of bitumen that make it used in the construction industry are its adhesion and resistance to water penetration.
Materials safety and environmental considerations bitumen
The most important safety issue in using bitumen is choosing the right temperature for heating and consuming it. This temperature varies depending on the bitumen.

Maximum use of 176 degrees Celsius is permissible for pure bitumen. This temperature depends on the concentration of dissolved bitumen. For dilute bitumen, pass 30 to 50 degrees Celsius, and for the thicker bitumen, the limit is between 80 and 115 degrees Celsius.
Compatibility
The compatibility of this construction product depends on many factors such as climate, climate and average ambient temperature. Traffic passing through this material also has an effect on its compatibility.

Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation is used in construction to reduce heat transfer. Due to the chemical compounds used in thermal insulation and its physical structure, the resistance of thermal insulation varies. In general, the thermal insulation resistance is more than 0.5 m 2 Kelvin and its conductivity is less than 0.065 w m.

Glass wool, mineral wool, stone wool, slag wool, cellular plastics are some examples of thermal insulation classifications.

Materials safety and environmental considerations Thermal insulation
Since mineral wool insulators are capable of causing itching and skin sensitivity in individuals, it is necessary to use this type of thermal insulation with gloves.
Mineral wool, though non-flammable, burns if they are in the middle of paper.
Wood and its products
To use wood as a construction product, it must be used as follows:
Natural, saturated, modified, layered or multi-structural. Wood is used to build skeletons of wooden buildings, door and window frames, fences, flooring and more.
The important thing about wood safety is that wood should not be used in an environment where there are caries.

Iron and Iron Products and Welding Materials
Pure iron cannot be used for building construction. Iron is used in the form of steel, cast iron and a combination of multi-metal and non-metal construction. The definition of welding in the building industry is also the operation of bonding between two metals with the help of electric arc heat.
Welding properly requires a thorough understanding of the welding materials.
Iron safety and environmental considerations
During the forging and cutting of iron, it is essential for workers to wear safety goggles and masks as they are very likely to cause injury to the face and eyes by throwing iron cuts.
Iron compatibility
All steel parts need protection against corrosion and rust.
For cases where steel is more likely to rust, such as sewage and drainage pipes, cast iron is required.
In wet areas, steel nuts, sheets and nails need to be coated.
Result
Using different ideal construction products in designing your next project will affect you in many ways. Therefore, to avoid potential problems in the future, it is best to take the time to examine the details of the different materials and to know their safety-related issues at work.

Many of the buildings in which we live today lack security and safety; as a result, many people are constantly experiencing insecurity at home. Building safety has always been an important part of construction, and using the best equipment and the highest level of knowledge in the field can save the lives of thousands and even millions. Incidents that can endanger the safety of the building and our family members are not the only unexpected events such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.; in fact, failure to comply with building safety principles can endanger the lives of any occupants .
Now you might be asked what are the key things to keep safe at home? Is there a way to increase the safety of your building and your living space? What are the safety factors in a building? And many similar questions. In this article we seek to answer the above questions.
Building Safety Assessment

To answer these questions, we first need to evaluate the safety of the building. These evaluations are based on a variety of factors, such as structural strength assessment, fire protection system evaluation, systems such as elevators, automatic doors, stairs and so on.

Currently, there is a set of standards that can help to some extent ensure building safety. In fact, the safety of buildings is divided into three categories: high risk, low risk and intermediate risk. The assessment for building safety is based on international standards and therefore high-risk buildings should be inspected annually, at least once every 10 years, and once every 3 years.
Building safety assessment can be done by the fire department. In addition, experts and engineers can be consulted to find out the strength of the building and its safety principles. One of the issues to consider for building safety against unexpected events is, for example, earthquakes, the building’s distance from faults, and for storms and floods, its distance from sea level.

Earthquake safety

Earthquake is one of the unexpected events that threaten our country every day and endanger millions of lives. As a result, maintaining the safety and soundness of buildings is of great importance. Construction techniques can have a huge impact on earthquake mortality and mortality.

The most dangerous structures from earthquake point of view are buildings made of brick block or cordless block. This type of construction has walls made of brick overlaid with mortar. In these structures, the roof weight is transferred directly to the base through the walls. When this type of construction is affected by the force of the earthquake, walls and ceilings will fall.

Fire prevention

Another incident that could threaten the safety of our building and our living space is the fire. In order to prevent a fire in the building, it is necessary to make a point.
Power problem:
One of the building safety principles is the power cables. Many older buildings have damaged or damaged electrical or wiring systems. Get expert help with checking and building electrical systems.
Do not use a power outlet to connect multiple home appliances (by a tee). For example, the refrigerator should be connected directly to a separate outlet. Problems with the operation of a home appliance can indicate a serious problem with the building’s electrical system.

Kitchen Safety Tips:
Do not place the pot or pan on light gas when you are about to leave the house. Microwaves, like gas, have a fire hazard and should not be turned on without being at home. Place the lid on the stove so that the child does not have access. If the handles are plastic, make sure it does not fit on the adjacent flame.
Installation of fire alarm system:
One of the simplest, yet safest, measures to be taken to increase building safety is to install a fire alarm in each room and hallway. The system is sensitive to smoke and alerts quickly when a fire occurs. This system should be replaced every 10 years, remember the date of replacement when installing the system.

Fire extinguisher:
Fire extinguisher capsules can be considered as one of the most important principles in building safety and preventing major fires. Make a fire extinguisher and place it where all family members are aware. Also teach your children how to use this capsule. If you want to put the capsule in your kitchen, it is best to be about a meter away from the stove. It is recommended to have at least one fire extinguisher in your home, work and personal car.

Conclusion
The safety of a building can substantially provide us with peace of mind. Therefore, compliance with building safety principles must first be closely observed and monitored by contractors and supervisors. But the role of the individual in the home environment is also very important and can be a source of health for the family.

The foundation of a building, called the foundation or foundation, is the part of the structure that is in contact with the soil and, as a load member, carries the weight of the building to the ground. The foundation stabilizes the structure and prevents it from falling. The connection of a building to the ground is made by the founders and is located between the building and the ground. The foundations are designed and constructed based on the soil properties beneath them and the weight of the structure. Imagining a building without a foundation is impossible because the absence of a foundation leads to a landfall and the structure cracks. The foundations increase building resistance against loads such as the weight of walls, columns, ceilings, wind and earthquakes. They distribute the excess load to the building and transport it to the ground. Pieces are categorized into different types according to the materials consumed and the method of manufacture. In this post by the builder, we first introduce the types of foundations and its reinforcement and then introduce the types of foundations based on consumables.

What is a foundation?
The foundation is one of the first and most basic stages of construction whereby the weight of the building is transferred from the pillars used in construction to the ground and surrounding soil. The type and dimensions of the foundation vary according to the type of building used and the amount of forces applied, the type of soil, and the climatic conditions and are divided into three categories: surface foundation, deep foundation, and special foundation. Below we will explain each of them.

Types of building foundations based on consumables

Surface foundation
Surface foundation is one of the most common foundations used in construction. The way this foundation works is generally less than their width. In the implementation of surface foundation, the excavation process is first carried out and the foundation is passed through inappropriate surface layers. If there is a need for underground floor construction, more drilling will be done.

Deep foundation
As its name implies, this foundation is executed in deep layers. Surface soils do not have the strength needed to withstand the forces involved. Therefore, the depth of the work must be such that the force is transferred to the hard layers beneath. In general, deep foundation is divided into two categories: thick system and candle foundation system.

Candle Foundation
The most common types of deep foundations are candle foundations. The candle is called a tall, columnar structure that is small in diameter and thin. By placing it inside the soil, this structure transfers the weight of the structure to the underside of the soil. The candle foundation itself is divided into three categories: throwing candle, thrown candle and thrown candle.

Concrete, steel, and wood are used in the construction of the candle-piercing foundation. These piles are pre-made structures that are installed on the site after manufacture. Candle

In-molding is also known as concrete pile. Implementation of this foundation model is that the pile will create a hole inside the hole to the required depth and then fill the hole with concrete. Such foundations are both accessible and executable. An example of these foundations is that the piles are dug directly. Another example is that the candles must be molded first and then used in the execution. These candles have one or more protrusions and are also known as flat candles.

The third category of candle foundations called molded candle holders has the same benefits as bump candle and molded candle.

Thickness systems for deep foundation implementation include deep foundations and kaisons. This system is used to build heavy structures such as bridge stands and oil rigs.

Special Foundation
Special foundations include floating foundations, cell and shell foundations, and steel or profile foundations.

Floating foundations are used when deep layers are segregated or weak. Cellular and shell foundations are used based on the required function, the shape of the foundation, the hardness of the underground floors. Steel foundations or profiles are used to build structures that have high force output and are hard and rock based.

Foundation reinforcement
Reinforcement is one of the most important components in concrete buildings. Proper implementation of reinforcement is of great importance and sensitivity. Because in many cases the foundation resistance is provided by reinforcement. There are important points in performing the reinforcement that should be given special attention. For example, it should be noted that no rust or oil impregnated reinforcement should be used. Therefore, they should be examined before use.

Reinforcement is divided into two categories: longitudinal or main reinforcement and transverse or bent reinforcement. Transverse reinforcements or hammocks are used to maintain longitudinal reinforcement. Their use also prevents bending of longitudinal reinforcement by pressure. Other notable considerations are the use of proper spacing. This should be a maximum of 1 cm. Failure to observe the proper distance may cause the concrete to fall.

The longitudinal reinforcement is applied horizontally in two rows above and below the foundation. When performing longitudinal reinforcement, care must be taken to prevent rust and corrosion.

Types of building foundations based on consumables

Foundation Vault
The base armature used to fasten the upper armature is known as the arch. Therefore, it can be said that the importance of using arches is to maintain the temporary stability of the upper reinforcement. The height and width of the pedestals, the width of the vault and their distance from each other should be determined based on the dimensions of the foundation and with regard to the amount of upper rebar force that supports the weight of the arch. In order to prevent the arches from getting out during concrete installation and when reinforcing them, their spacing must be properly selected.

The stone foundation
The stone foundation is made of various types of stone as its name implies. Natural stones are used to make this kind of foundation, but not every stone is suitable. The stone used for foundations must be healthy and have a smooth surface, as rough and circular stones make the building loose and unstable. The stone foundations have a wider surface than the wall on which they are made, using two types of mortar. If the load on the foundations is high, cement sand mortar is used but for low loads, mud and lime mortar are used. Affordable stones are readily available for foundry making and can be made easily. Stone foundations are used in single-storey structures and in the enclosure walls.

Concrete foundation
Concrete is one of the strongest and most durable building materials that can be used to build the foundation for structural stability. In fact, the best type of foundation are concrete foundations, so today the buildings are laid with reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is used in the construction of concrete and metal skeleton structures. This type of foundation is made of stairs, sloping and… and in order to increase its resistance against heavy loads, the concrete base is reinforced with steel bars in two directions. To make the concrete foundation, first cover the floor with concrete or low-concrete cement of 2 cm. In doing so, the soil and the main concrete are separated and the surface is leveled for concreting. Afterwards, the concrete is molded and poured into it, except inside the foundation. The concrete is shaken well and crushed. This action is continued until the concrete has fallen. Finally, after a day of loading on the wake. If using reinforced concrete, concrete should be inserted after the rebar is inserted into the mold.

Metal wick
Metallic foundations are used when the soil compressive strength is low and the loads are high. The steel foundations are mainly used for steel columns. The use of metal in the construction of foundations is not economically feasible, hence the rate of construction of reinforced concrete foundations is higher than in steel foundations in the construction industry. To fabricate the wedge with a steel grid, a trench is drilled to a depth of 1 to 2.5 meters, then the floor is regulated. After that, 2cm thick concrete is poured onto the trench and compacted. In addition, a 2 cm layer of low grade concrete is placed on the previous concrete. The steel beams are then spaced at a specified distance on this concrete layer and the gap between them is filled with concrete. The first row of steel beams can also be replaced when necessary. Finally, all parts are filled with concrete and the structure is laid on this foundation.

You’re looking
Shafta is a kind of dough made of sand, soil, water and lime. Shafting is one of the simplest types of foundations in construction, often for low-rise buildings made of brick. To perform a honeycomb run, the shaft is first trimmed and then smoothed to a surface of 1 to 2 cm and left for a day to absorb water. They are then crushed and compacted using a weight. This will continue until the desired height is reached.

Brick foundation
Bricks are used to build foundations if the building is small and the load on the foundations is low. To save the brick, the foundation can be made as a staircase, in which case the load is transferred to the ground at an angle of 2 degrees. Brick paving is about 1 to 4 cm larger than the wall width.