Many of the buildings in which we live today lack security and safety; as a result, many people are constantly experiencing insecurity at home. Building safety has always been an important part of construction, and using the best equipment and the highest level of knowledge in the field can save the lives of thousands and even millions. Incidents that can endanger the safety of the building and our family members are not the only unexpected events such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.; in fact, failure to comply with building safety principles can endanger the lives of any occupants .
Now you might be asked what are the key things to keep safe at home? Is there a way to increase the safety of your building and your living space? What are the safety factors in a building? And many similar questions. In this article we seek to answer the above questions.
Building Safety Assessment

To answer these questions, we first need to evaluate the safety of the building. These evaluations are based on a variety of factors, such as structural strength assessment, fire protection system evaluation, systems such as elevators, automatic doors, stairs and so on.

Currently, there is a set of standards that can help to some extent ensure building safety. In fact, the safety of buildings is divided into three categories: high risk, low risk and intermediate risk. The assessment for building safety is based on international standards and therefore high-risk buildings should be inspected annually, at least once every 10 years, and once every 3 years.
Building safety assessment can be done by the fire department. In addition, experts and engineers can be consulted to find out the strength of the building and its safety principles. One of the issues to consider for building safety against unexpected events is, for example, earthquakes, the building’s distance from faults, and for storms and floods, its distance from sea level.

Earthquake safety

Earthquake is one of the unexpected events that threaten our country every day and endanger millions of lives. As a result, maintaining the safety and soundness of buildings is of great importance. Construction techniques can have a huge impact on earthquake mortality and mortality.

The most dangerous structures from earthquake point of view are buildings made of brick block or cordless block. This type of construction has walls made of brick overlaid with mortar. In these structures, the roof weight is transferred directly to the base through the walls. When this type of construction is affected by the force of the earthquake, walls and ceilings will fall.

Fire prevention

Another incident that could threaten the safety of our building and our living space is the fire. In order to prevent a fire in the building, it is necessary to make a point.
Power problem:
One of the building safety principles is the power cables. Many older buildings have damaged or damaged electrical or wiring systems. Get expert help with checking and building electrical systems.
Do not use a power outlet to connect multiple home appliances (by a tee). For example, the refrigerator should be connected directly to a separate outlet. Problems with the operation of a home appliance can indicate a serious problem with the building’s electrical system.

Kitchen Safety Tips:
Do not place the pot or pan on light gas when you are about to leave the house. Microwaves, like gas, have a fire hazard and should not be turned on without being at home. Place the lid on the stove so that the child does not have access. If the handles are plastic, make sure it does not fit on the adjacent flame.
Installation of fire alarm system:
One of the simplest, yet safest, measures to be taken to increase building safety is to install a fire alarm in each room and hallway. The system is sensitive to smoke and alerts quickly when a fire occurs. This system should be replaced every 10 years, remember the date of replacement when installing the system.

Fire extinguisher:
Fire extinguisher capsules can be considered as one of the most important principles in building safety and preventing major fires. Make a fire extinguisher and place it where all family members are aware. Also teach your children how to use this capsule. If you want to put the capsule in your kitchen, it is best to be about a meter away from the stove. It is recommended to have at least one fire extinguisher in your home, work and personal car.

Conclusion
The safety of a building can substantially provide us with peace of mind. Therefore, compliance with building safety principles must first be closely observed and monitored by contractors and supervisors. But the role of the individual in the home environment is also very important and can be a source of health for the family.

The foundation of a building, called the foundation or foundation, is the part of the structure that is in contact with the soil and, as a load member, carries the weight of the building to the ground. The foundation stabilizes the structure and prevents it from falling. The connection of a building to the ground is made by the founders and is located between the building and the ground. The foundations are designed and constructed based on the soil properties beneath them and the weight of the structure. Imagining a building without a foundation is impossible because the absence of a foundation leads to a landfall and the structure cracks. The foundations increase building resistance against loads such as the weight of walls, columns, ceilings, wind and earthquakes. They distribute the excess load to the building and transport it to the ground. Pieces are categorized into different types according to the materials consumed and the method of manufacture. In this post by the builder, we first introduce the types of foundations and its reinforcement and then introduce the types of foundations based on consumables.

What is a foundation?
The foundation is one of the first and most basic stages of construction whereby the weight of the building is transferred from the pillars used in construction to the ground and surrounding soil. The type and dimensions of the foundation vary according to the type of building used and the amount of forces applied, the type of soil, and the climatic conditions and are divided into three categories: surface foundation, deep foundation, and special foundation. Below we will explain each of them.

Types of building foundations based on consumables

Surface foundation
Surface foundation is one of the most common foundations used in construction. The way this foundation works is generally less than their width. In the implementation of surface foundation, the excavation process is first carried out and the foundation is passed through inappropriate surface layers. If there is a need for underground floor construction, more drilling will be done.

Deep foundation
As its name implies, this foundation is executed in deep layers. Surface soils do not have the strength needed to withstand the forces involved. Therefore, the depth of the work must be such that the force is transferred to the hard layers beneath. In general, deep foundation is divided into two categories: thick system and candle foundation system.

Candle Foundation
The most common types of deep foundations are candle foundations. The candle is called a tall, columnar structure that is small in diameter and thin. By placing it inside the soil, this structure transfers the weight of the structure to the underside of the soil. The candle foundation itself is divided into three categories: throwing candle, thrown candle and thrown candle.

Concrete, steel, and wood are used in the construction of the candle-piercing foundation. These piles are pre-made structures that are installed on the site after manufacture. Candle

In-molding is also known as concrete pile. Implementation of this foundation model is that the pile will create a hole inside the hole to the required depth and then fill the hole with concrete. Such foundations are both accessible and executable. An example of these foundations is that the piles are dug directly. Another example is that the candles must be molded first and then used in the execution. These candles have one or more protrusions and are also known as flat candles.

The third category of candle foundations called molded candle holders has the same benefits as bump candle and molded candle.

Thickness systems for deep foundation implementation include deep foundations and kaisons. This system is used to build heavy structures such as bridge stands and oil rigs.

Special Foundation
Special foundations include floating foundations, cell and shell foundations, and steel or profile foundations.

Floating foundations are used when deep layers are segregated or weak. Cellular and shell foundations are used based on the required function, the shape of the foundation, the hardness of the underground floors. Steel foundations or profiles are used to build structures that have high force output and are hard and rock based.

Foundation reinforcement
Reinforcement is one of the most important components in concrete buildings. Proper implementation of reinforcement is of great importance and sensitivity. Because in many cases the foundation resistance is provided by reinforcement. There are important points in performing the reinforcement that should be given special attention. For example, it should be noted that no rust or oil impregnated reinforcement should be used. Therefore, they should be examined before use.

Reinforcement is divided into two categories: longitudinal or main reinforcement and transverse or bent reinforcement. Transverse reinforcements or hammocks are used to maintain longitudinal reinforcement. Their use also prevents bending of longitudinal reinforcement by pressure. Other notable considerations are the use of proper spacing. This should be a maximum of 1 cm. Failure to observe the proper distance may cause the concrete to fall.

The longitudinal reinforcement is applied horizontally in two rows above and below the foundation. When performing longitudinal reinforcement, care must be taken to prevent rust and corrosion.

Types of building foundations based on consumables

Foundation Vault
The base armature used to fasten the upper armature is known as the arch. Therefore, it can be said that the importance of using arches is to maintain the temporary stability of the upper reinforcement. The height and width of the pedestals, the width of the vault and their distance from each other should be determined based on the dimensions of the foundation and with regard to the amount of upper rebar force that supports the weight of the arch. In order to prevent the arches from getting out during concrete installation and when reinforcing them, their spacing must be properly selected.

The stone foundation
The stone foundation is made of various types of stone as its name implies. Natural stones are used to make this kind of foundation, but not every stone is suitable. The stone used for foundations must be healthy and have a smooth surface, as rough and circular stones make the building loose and unstable. The stone foundations have a wider surface than the wall on which they are made, using two types of mortar. If the load on the foundations is high, cement sand mortar is used but for low loads, mud and lime mortar are used. Affordable stones are readily available for foundry making and can be made easily. Stone foundations are used in single-storey structures and in the enclosure walls.

Concrete foundation
Concrete is one of the strongest and most durable building materials that can be used to build the foundation for structural stability. In fact, the best type of foundation are concrete foundations, so today the buildings are laid with reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is used in the construction of concrete and metal skeleton structures. This type of foundation is made of stairs, sloping and… and in order to increase its resistance against heavy loads, the concrete base is reinforced with steel bars in two directions. To make the concrete foundation, first cover the floor with concrete or low-concrete cement of 2 cm. In doing so, the soil and the main concrete are separated and the surface is leveled for concreting. Afterwards, the concrete is molded and poured into it, except inside the foundation. The concrete is shaken well and crushed. This action is continued until the concrete has fallen. Finally, after a day of loading on the wake. If using reinforced concrete, concrete should be inserted after the rebar is inserted into the mold.

Metal wick
Metallic foundations are used when the soil compressive strength is low and the loads are high. The steel foundations are mainly used for steel columns. The use of metal in the construction of foundations is not economically feasible, hence the rate of construction of reinforced concrete foundations is higher than in steel foundations in the construction industry. To fabricate the wedge with a steel grid, a trench is drilled to a depth of 1 to 2.5 meters, then the floor is regulated. After that, 2cm thick concrete is poured onto the trench and compacted. In addition, a 2 cm layer of low grade concrete is placed on the previous concrete. The steel beams are then spaced at a specified distance on this concrete layer and the gap between them is filled with concrete. The first row of steel beams can also be replaced when necessary. Finally, all parts are filled with concrete and the structure is laid on this foundation.

You’re looking
Shafta is a kind of dough made of sand, soil, water and lime. Shafting is one of the simplest types of foundations in construction, often for low-rise buildings made of brick. To perform a honeycomb run, the shaft is first trimmed and then smoothed to a surface of 1 to 2 cm and left for a day to absorb water. They are then crushed and compacted using a weight. This will continue until the desired height is reached.

Brick foundation
Bricks are used to build foundations if the building is small and the load on the foundations is low. To save the brick, the foundation can be made as a staircase, in which case the load is transferred to the ground at an angle of 2 degrees. Brick paving is about 1 to 4 cm larger than the wall width.

Until two or three decades ago, less than ten or twelve floors were built, and any building that was taller was a tall tower and a skyscraper. But in the last two decades, with the advent of construction technology and modern materials and methods, we have been able to design and build more high-rise structures and witness high-rise buildings in most major cities in the country. Of course, Iran’s tallest towers are currently located in metropolises.
Sensitive standards and standards must be adhered to in order for high-rise structures to be constructed securely. Investigations have been started on the type of soil where the maximum weight that it can withstand is established, as well as studying the faults and their hazards. The intensity and direction of the wind are also calculated especially at the highest point of the tower.

On the other hand, as a commercial or residential tower generates a high population influx, access to the land on which the tower is to be built should also be considered. Each of these and other important issues affects the design, implementation and even the possibility of building a tower on the site in question.
Unfortunately, in recent years, many commercial and residential towers have been built in large cities that have not met many standards and have turned them into a dangerous time bomb for earthquakes and fires. These buildings have also disrupted the texture of the area and even created access barriers for other residents.
However, we can find tall structures in Iran that are better positioned and more principled. Below we introduce you to Iran’s tallest towers.

Milad Tower
Tehran Milad Tower is 435 meters high and the sixth tallest telecommunication tower in the world and one of the tallest Iranian towers built on a 62-hectare land. Milad is located in the northwest of Tehran and is accessible in three ways: Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri Highway, Hakim Highway and Hemmat Highway.
Milad Tower, one of the tallest towers in Iran and in the world, has become one of the symbols of the Iranian capital as well as an important center for cultural and leisure events, making it a major tourist attraction. Of course, one of the main uses of this tower, like other high-rise structures in Iran and the world, is to meet Tehran’s telecommunications and television needs.
The tower has an international convention center with 15 different venues, an open and closed viewing platform, a variety of restaurants, exhibition spaces, the Iranian Museum of Fame, Sky Dome, Dolphins Park, two movie theaters, etc. which make it a low-key center in the field of amusement and entertainment. It has become prosperous in Iran.
One of the highlights of Milad’s tower design is the crown part, whose exterior is in harmony with traditional Iranian architecture and its engravings.
Milad Tower construction began after several years of research in the month of January 76, and after 11 years of operation in October 87 was completed.
Uses of the Milad Tower include:
Meteorological and traffic control applications
Creating and expanding access to wireless network
Creating a tourist attraction

Tehran International Tower
It is the tallest residential building and one of Iran’s tallest towers, 162 meters high and built on 56 floors. The Tehran International Tower, designed with three wings and 220,000 square meters of infrastructure. This towering giant comprises 572 residential units, including triplex penthouses.
Located between the Wise West, Kurdistan and Sheikh Bahai highways, the tower is within easy reach of any part of the city.
The Tehran International Tower is designed and built according to modern standards and standards. Its designers and builders claim the building can withstand earthquakes measuring up to ten. Therefore, this huge building is Iran’s most earthquake-resistant residential tower.
Each wing of the tower presents a different perspective of Tehran. Residents of the units have services such as energy management, internal computer network, CCTV, fire extinguisher, central TV antenna and elevator traffic control system.
On the ground floor of the tower there are 17 commercial units that serve the welfare and comfort of its inhabitants. There are two dedicated tennis courts and full sports facilities. There are also thousands of indoor parking with concrete skeleton and retaining walls for the residents of the tower.
Although high-rise construction in Iran has grown significantly in recent years, it remains one of the tallest towers in the country.

Tabriz World Trade Center
The building is 37 stories high and 157 meters high and was built in Valiasr town of Tabriz. This structure, which is one of the tallest towers in Iran, has a number of features and new features that we refer to in some respects:
The first building is the Free Plan.
The tallest commercial-service-tourism tower in the country.
It is the first building in the country to be executed with a special ceramic paneled facade.
Iran’s first high tower is equipped with earthquake-absorbing viscous dampers.
It is the first tower built in the country with built-in R-PC technology.

The Tabriz World Trade Center has three entrances, including the western entrance to Shariati Street next to Yas Park, the eastern entrance to Parvin Etesami Square to Safa Street and the southern entrance to Lida Street. The tower has 1,500 indoor parking units and many open parking spaces so that visitors do not get into trouble.
The Tabriz World Trade Center tower has offices besides telecommunications, bank branches, offices of domestic and international companies, conference hall, turntable and more. The center opened in May 2006 and provides services to visitors.

Middle East Swan Diamond Tower
This controversial modern project was built in Motel Qu in Mazandaran Province and is in many ways outstanding. The complex has three towers, two of which are commercial-residential and the third tower is a luxurious 38-story hotel 150 meters high. Each of the residential towers is 21 storeys.
The project was built with the financial support of Ahad Azimzadeh and has received international support from companies at every stage – from the preliminary studies to the final and final stages. For example, the lighting of the towers was done by the French company SSF.
The Middle East Swan Diamond Project is a brilliant example of the science and art of modern architecture in the country that can compete internationally with similar projects.

PAGE Commercial Complex in Mashhad
The Paget Business Complex is also a classy city that fits in very well. The complex has about 130,000 square meters of infrastructure and is operational in five blocks and is one of the tallest towers in Iran. These blocks range from 6 to 25 floors and include many different uses.
The business-administrative center of Paj is located at the beginning of Mashhad Boulevard in Mashhad and has good accessibility. The complex’s parking lot has a capacity of more than 750 vehicles, which can meet the needs of the customers.
The Paget Business Complex includes office space, department stores, several restaurants, movie theaters, book cafes, banks, games and sports spaces, etc. that keep people satisfied with a variety of needs without having to leave the complex.

Tehran White Tower
The tower, which was opened in the Tehran Revolutionary Guards in 1379, was highly regarded in its time and is one of the tallest towers in Iran. The White Tower is 22 stories high and 134 meters high and houses Iran’s first spinning restaurant.
The tower has office units and of course a luxurious hotel. The hotel’s rooms are comfortably located in the location where they are located and, after nearly two decades, they continue to retain their popularity among companies and travelers and even have long-standing customers.

Tower of Heaven in Ormanyeh
When the 37-storey tower was built in Tehran’s Fermanah area, it was named the tallest residential building in Iran. Today, with a height of 120 meters, after the Tehran International Tower, it occupies the second position in this table and is one of the tallest towers in Iran. Sky Tower has a total of 104 residential, commercial and office units. The headquarters of the Iranian Ship Organization is also located in the tower.

Conclusion:
In recent decades we have seen growth in the construction and implementation of high-rise buildings and towers in the country. A major factor in this growth has been the advancement of architectural science and technology, as well as the need to create more space by upgrading buildings.
Most of these towers have commercial-recreational uses and a few are built solely for residential use.
Most of the tall buildings in the country are located in big cities like Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz.