Steel and concrete skeletons are two ways of implementing a building, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. To choose the type of building skeleton, the arithmetic engineer must consider many things. Issues such as economic factors, performance conditions, climatic characteristics of the site, quality of performance, structural technical factors as well as employer requests.
Without considering the above, as well as examining the construction properties with steel or concrete skeletons, it is not possible to make a definite and accurate decision on the type of skeleton. Choosing the right skeleton for a building is very important, since it is impossible to change it after the beginning of the construction process unless the previous skeleton is destroyed.
What is a building with a steel structure?
A steel structure, also known as a steel structure or steel structure, is a set of bearings made of steel profiles or sheet metal that are connected by means of joints. Because the steel profiles have evolved and undergo a lot of trial and error, these sections often exhibit favorable behavior.
An important issue in these structures is the behavior of the joints used to construct composite members and sheets at the site of the nodes.
Conventional methods of fitting in steel structures are as follows:
Fittings for bolted steel structures
welded joints
Riveted joints (which are obsolete in almost all parts of the world.)

History of steel structure
The use of steel structures in buildings has a long history. Initially cast iron was used to carry out such structures, but after a while low-carbon iron or hammer iron was replaced. Structures of various designs and shapes were made possible using steel frameworks.
Iron and low-carbon iron have also gradually replaced steel. Today, steel is the most widely used steel structure in buildings, where it is sometimes used instead of the term “steel framework”.
The advantages of the steel structure make it widely used in the construction of niches and large buildings. This type of skeleton is also applicable in the busiest and least crowded places, so it is well received by major architects and structural engineers in major cities. The steel frame improves the quality of the construction and reduces the discomfort of the materials.
The best way to implement bolts is metal and European countries do not allow the use of welded joints except in light weight and because they are less resistant than bolts.
Benefits of steel structure for building
The advantages of using metallic struc- tures include:
The steel frame is less weighted than the concrete frame, thus reducing the overall weight of the building.
The elastic properties of steel are very good with practical application. Steel, in reality and outside of laboratory conditions, adheres to Hooke’s law to great stress.
The strength of the metal parts is high and its weight-to-weight ratio is higher than that of concrete, which is why it is widely used in large openings in niches and high-rise buildings as well as buildings run on loose ground.
The steel structure is very suitable for long structures.
Since the metal is manufactured in large, closely supervised factories, its properties can be assured of uniformity.
The durability of steel is very good. If steel buildings are properly maintained, they will be usable for a long time.
One of the positive properties of metal materials is their high plasticity. This feature makes the metal material withstand the stress concentration that is actually the cause of the breakdown, as well as the dynamic and impact force.
The metal parts are continuous and homogeneous depending on the materials they make.
The steel frame building is better resistant to explosion. The destructive force of the blast separates the barrier surfaces from the skeleton and reveals destructive energy, but the building will not be completely destroyed.
The steel structure is reinforced and retrofitted. If for any reason such as miscalculation, change of rules, improper execution, etc. the skeleton does not have the desired strength; it can be welded, riveted or screwed to new parts or added to parts.
Conditions of construction and implementation of the steel structure are simple.
The speed of metal parts installation is faster than that of concrete components and takes less time.
Because the metal parts are made from the factory, the material is less than the concrete frame.
In two identical buildings in height and dimension, the columns and beams of the metal buildings are smaller and smaller than the concrete buildings. For this reason, the level of occupancy or dead space in concrete buildings is higher than in metal buildings.

Disadvantages of Steel Frame
The disadvantages of a steel structure may be shorter than its advantages, but consider the following when designing a building and choosing the appropriate structure:
Weakness at high temperatures and during fires: Building resistance with steel skeletons will decrease with increasing temperature. If the metal temperature reaches 500 to 600 degrees Celsius, the building’s equilibrium and stability will be compromised.
Corrosion and Corrosion of the Metal against External and Atmospheric Factors: Consumables in the metal building are corroded against the atmospheric agents and their dimensions and strength are reduced; therefore, the cost of maintaining and protecting these structures is greater than that of concrete structures.
Bending Pressure Components: Due to the large number of consumed metal parts and their dimensions are usually small, the tendency to buckle in these parts is a disadvantage.
Improper welding: Welding of metal parts by welding may be inappropriate and ineffective. The lack of skill of welders, the use of old machinery, the inadequate control by supervising engineers, the cost of welding testing, and so on.
High initial cost: In steel buildings, a large part of the cost of construction must be paid at the outset to purchase metal parts. In recent years, due to the steady rise in the price of these materials and the declining purchasing power of the designer or implementer, there has been a decline in steel building construction in Iran.

What is a building with a concrete structure?
Concrete structure or concrete structure is a structure made of concrete or reinforced concrete (consisting of cement, sand, sand and steel in simple or ribbed rebar). If concrete was used to run the building and in the columns, masts, and foundations, it would have a concrete structure.
In a concrete-skeletal building, members of the reinforced concrete press barber are molded and executed at the structure. In these buildings all main beams and even shear walls are made of concrete.
Concrete skeleton has its advantages and disadvantages that should be chosen according to the type of building, the place of construction, access to construction materials and their prices, the use of the building and the climate and geological characteristics of the area.
In a concrete structure, these sections are constructed and executed with concrete:
Foundations and Foundations
column
The main beams
Side beams
Step
Shear wall
ceiling

History of concrete structure
In the initial definition of concrete it is said that this material is a bonding material, which is usually the result of the interaction of hydraulic cements and water. Given this definition, the first use of such materials can be traced back several centuries. But the construction and implementation of concrete, as we know it today, goes back to the early 20th century.
Concrete, like all other materials and materials in the construction industry, is constantly improving its quality and efficiency, and every day we see different performances of this material, especially in bridges and dams.

Benefits of Concrete Skeleton
The use of concrete skeletons depending on the type of building, construction budget and location can include the following benefits:
All concrete constituents are considered to be cheap, native materials. Ready-mixed concrete can also be purchased with different qualities and specifications.
Concrete can be easily customized to any desired shape. Simply prepare the right mold and then produce almost any structural section and architectural form with reinforced concrete. This is one of the advantages of concrete over steel, as steel is manufactured in the factory in limited and distinctive shapes and sizes.

Concrete has a very good resistance to fire. A reinforced concrete building can withstand for hours and does not collapse.
This property provides ample opportunity to control the fire and save lives inside the building. This feature is another advantage of the concrete structure over the steel structure.
Concrete also has good resistance to moisture and water. If the water that comes into contact with the concrete is free of ions such as sulfate ions and chloride ions, it will not cause any damage to the concrete or even the bars inside it.
Concrete should be run smoothly and without cracks, if not water penetration in the cracks during the frost season may damage the structure.
The components are highly rigid. For this reason, the occupants of a reinforced concrete building usually do not feel seismic when they are hit by high winds or the high mobility of their neighbors.
Building with concrete structure requires less maintenance and protection than steel structure. In fact, if the standards and standards are well met when executing a concrete skeleton, no special care will be required after the construction is completed.
Concrete will not only lose its initial strength after years of use, but will also increase with time as more hydrated cement is consolidated. For this reason, concrete has a very long service life compared to other building materials.
Concrete is the only viable option in some structural components such as foundations, basement walls and piles.
Concrete and concrete construction does not require highly skilled and skilled workforce compared to other materials such as steel and even wood.
One of the most important features of a concrete skeleton building is that its materials must be gradually purchased. In this case, less economic pressure is put on the creator or executor of the project.

Disadvantages of concrete skeleton
Certainly, the disadvantages of concrete skeletons are also very important. Here are some of the disadvantages of this skeleton:
The tensile strength of concrete is very low and about one tenth of its compressive strength. This makes the use of reinforcing steels in the area of ​​concrete stretching inevitable.
The full weight and dead load of a concrete structure is higher than that of a steel structure.
Heat and cold are easily transmitted by concrete buildings into the building, which is a weakness.
The time required to run a building with a concrete structure is much longer than a building with a steel structure.
Concrete should be applied and consumed immediately after manufacture. Concrete can only be used up to two hours after manufacture.
If a part of a concrete building is damaged, it is difficult to replace or repair it.
Climatic conditions such as cold and warm weather affect its performance.
Concrete works poorly against blasting.
Because the quality control of the concrete is carried out in the workshop, its quality is lower than the steel produced in the factory. However, this defect can be largely remedied if ready-made concrete is used.

Conclusion
Selecting the appropriate skeleton for the building is made on the basis of factors such as economic issues, performance conditions, climatic characteristics of the site, quality of performance, structural technical factors as well as employer’s request.
Steel structure has the following advantages: low space performance, lightness compared to
Concrete materials, suitable for long structures, high speed construction.
Some disadvantages of steel frame are: high construction and maintenance cost, low fire resistance, tendency to buckle in parts.
Building a concrete structure is much cheaper than finishing a steel structure. Such a building will withstand fire for several hours. Concrete does not require special care after application and therefore it will not be costly to protect it.
The disadvantages of the concrete frame are its high weight and long construction time. If the quality control of the concrete is carried out in the workshop, there may be a significant error

Concrete slab is a type of roof that is integrated into materials such as concrete and steel. This slab is used in the construction of various types of structures and in the construction of deck types of bridges and floors, and its components are rebar and concrete. Concrete slab is most commonly used on the floor and its thickness is between 1 and 2 cm. Slabs that are less thick are used as paving slabs.
Construction of concrete slab
Concrete slabs can be prepared either on site or in a prefabricated form. How to prepare it at the project site is done by the molds in which the concrete paste is poured. Before reinforcing concrete, a series of reinforcing bars are molded and held in place by plastic materials. This allows the bars to be completely covered by concrete. Molds used in concrete slabs are made of plastic, steel or wood plates. Steel and plastic molds are used to build projects where the quality of work is of the utmost importance. In some places, there is no need to use mold, such as floor slabs surrounded by brick walls or bricks, as the walls act as molded tray walls. Unlike the concrete slab that is made at the project site, the prefabricated concrete slab is manufactured at the plant and transported to the project site. The slab support on the structure must be of precise dimensions so that the slabs are correctly installed in place.

Types of concrete slabs
Concrete slab ceiling is implemented in the following types:
One way concrete slab
If the ratio of the larger crater to the smaller crater is greater than 1 and the slab is on the opposite edge, it will be one-sided. In this slab, the loads are transferred in the longitudinal direction. If the supports support the slab on its four sides, the slab is also one-sided. In both cases only reinforcement should be installed along the smaller openings.
Two way concrete slab
If the ratio of the larger crater slab to its smaller crater is less than 1, and the slab is supported by its support on its four sides, it can be bidirectional. In this slab, the main reinforcement should be run in both directions as the force is transmitted in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
Important points when handling and handling concrete slabs
Adequate manpower must be used to pay for concrete slabs to properly handle and process concrete slabs due to the temperature of the concrete and the impact of weather conditions on the concrete.
The land on which the slab is to be run should have a uniform bearing capacity and be properly drained.
The surface of the floor must be moistened with water before concreting, but the surface must be dry when concrete is started.
Concrete should not be poured into molds faster than they can be spread and leveled or stenciled. For this purpose, prior to leveling, the concrete should not be spread over a large surface, nor should the level of concrete be leveled, or the water caused by dropping on the surface should be leveled.
The side moldings and the middle separator must be strong enough to withstand vibrational and mechanical alignment devices. These templates should be carefully positioned with respect to surface finishes and alignment paths.

Concrete slabs are paid in different ways:
Align concrete slab
Alignment means removing excess concrete from the surface in order to achieve proper alignment.

T drawing or drawing
In this method, a T or rod is used to eliminate the surface postures and heights as well as to penetrate the coarse grains into the concrete slabs. This is done after the alignment operation.
Edging and sealing
Edging is required during all separation joints on the outer concrete slabs and on the floors such as car rails and sidewalks. Edging causes the adjoining concrete slab to condense, which increases the strength of the concrete slab against decay and crushing.
Financial board
After the edging and sealing is completed, the concrete surface should be smooth and smooth by board or metal grooves or electric grooves.
Trowel
Stretching is done to create a smooth, dense surface. Metal waxing should be done after the financial board.
Vacuum cleaner
After hardening the concrete slab, a vacuum cleaner is used to create a durable slip surface. To do this, the surface must be tough enough to be able to hold imprinted lines.
Benefits of concrete slab ceiling
Among the benefits of this type of concrete roof are the following:
Its implementation will significantly reduce the consumption of materials such as cement, water, steel, aggregates, etc.
This roof is highly resistant to fire and heat.
Its longevity is high, so the building lasts many years.
Concrete slab roof top speed is high.
This roof is well-treated against high shear forces, so it is stronger against earthquakes than other structures.
It is a kind of sound insulation.
Selecting a slab roof can save on shipping costs.
Its creep is acceptable and its shear and bending strength are high.